The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP) is a model intercomparison project designed to diagnose effective radiative forcing and evaluate its uncertainty in Global Climate Models.

As part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 7 (CMIP7), the second iteration of the Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP2.0) consists of a series of fixed-Sea Surface Temperature simulations aimed at addressing the following questions:

What is the present-day radiative forcing, and its key anthropogenic contributors, since pre-industrial times?
What is the temporal evolution of the radiative forcing, and its components, over the historical period and into the future?
What is the influence of the underlying climate state on radiative forcing?
To what extent is radiative forcing separable from radiative feedbacks when considering land processes?

Co-chairs:

Ryan Kramer	GFDL, NOAA, USA.
Chris Smith	Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium & IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.
Tim Andrews	Met Office Hadley Centre, UK & University of Leeds, UK.

news

May 26, 2026	Final version of the RFMIP2.0 Protocol Paper has now been published in Geoscientific Model Development (GMD)! https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/19/4447/2026/
Sep 29, 2025	Preprint of RFMIP2.0 Protocol Paper at GMD and Open for Discussion
Aug 11, 2025	RFMIP Session at the CMIP6 Community Workshop, March 2026 Japan.
Aug 11, 2025	Sign up to the RFMIP listserv/group for updates

selected publications

The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP2.0) for CMIP7

Ryan J. Kramer, Chris Smith, and Timothy Andrews

Geoscientific Model Development, 2026

DOI Bib

@article{Kramer_2026,
  title = {The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP2.0) for CMIP7},
  author = {Kramer, Ryan J. and Smith, Chris and Andrews, Timothy},
  journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
  volume = {19},
  number = {10},
  pages = {4447--4466},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {1991-9603},
  doi = {10.5194/gmd-19-4447-2026},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4447-2026},
}

Effective radiative forcing and adjustments in CMIP6 models

Christopher J. Smith, Ryan J. Kramer, Gunnar Myhre, and 26 more authors

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2020

DOI
The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP): experimental protocol for CMIP6

R. Pincus, P. M. Forster, and B. Stevens

Geoscientific Model Development, 2016

DOI